Abalone belong to the genus Haliotis and are part of the mollusc family.

They are large marine snails, or gastropods, with hard ear-shaped shells and a muscular foot. They inhabit Australia’s rocky shorelines, from shallow water to depths of around 40 to 50 metres.

More than 100 species of abalone exist globally. At least 23 occur in Australia, but in Tasmania the commercial industry is based on two main species:

• Greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata
• Blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra

Abalone shells can reach lengths of up to around 20 centimetres.

They are flat, asymmetrical and spirally coiled, with a low spire and a row of open holes along one edge. These holes allow water to pass through the mantle cavity, carrying respiratory, excretory and alimentary waste away from the body.

As the shell grows, new holes form and older holes close over. These older holes remain visible, creating the spiral pattern on the shell.

The inner surface of the shell is lined with bright iridescent nacre, commonly known as mother of pearl.

Abalone live on rocky reef systems and move across reef surfaces using the creeping sole of their muscular foot.

They attach strongly to rocks and feed mainly on algae and small seaweeds. Their growth, abundance and survival are influenced by:

Many shellfish can absorb biotoxins released during algal blooms. Abalone are slower absorbers of biotoxins, but recent events have underscored the need for careful monitoring and management.

Biotoxin management is important because most Tasmanian abalone harvested commercially are exported. The industry must ensure harvested abalone meet required food safety and market access standards.

The Tasmanian Abalone Biotoxin Management Plan supports monitoring, sampling, closure procedures, export eligibility, food safety, consumer protection and reopening protocols.